Attention, Habit, and Inner Presence in Human Action and ʿIbādah

This article presents a structured framework explaining how attention governs human experience, how habit forms through repetition, and how the depth of attention determines whether repeated actions remain mechanical or become transformative. It further applies this model to ʿibādah, highlighting the difference between routine performance and conscious presence (khushu), showing that inner attentional engagement is the key to meaningful transformation.






